Author(s): Chidchaya Wankaew & Si Eun Lee A recent outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in Kent, England, has sparked concern among health authorities due to both its severity and how quickly it has spread. First identified among young people, particularly students at the University of Kent, the outbreak has developed into a concentrated cluster of infections within a short period of time. By mid-to-late March, thousands of individuals had been contacted after potential expos

In celebration of World Down Syndrome Day (21st March) Author(s): Si Eun Lee Introduction: What is Down syndrome?  Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosomes. Individuals typically have 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. This additional genetic material alters normal patterns of development, leading to unique physical features, cognitive differences, and associated medical conditions.  Chromosomes are structures made of DN

Author(s): Chidchaya Wankaew What is breast cancer? Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the UK, with around 56,800 new cases and approximately 11,500 deaths each year. It is estimated that 1 in 7 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime, making it a significant public health concern. Cancer, in general, refers to the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells in the body. These cells can form a mass known as a tumour and, in some ca

Author(s): Si Eun Lee This investigation aims to determine the effectiveness of different antiseptics including hand soap (Dettol™), hand sanitizer and dishwashing detergent on bacterial growth from the human hand. Bacterial samples were collected using sterile swabs and cultured on agar plates following treatment with each antiseptic. A control sample (hands washed with water only) was also included.  Results were assessed qualitatively by comparing the density and distribut

Author(s): Chidchaya Wankaew Abstract Severe skeletal muscle injuries resulting in volumetric muscle loss (VML) pose a persistent clinical challenge, as the intrinsic regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle is insufficient to support the regeneration of large-scale tissue loss and the recovery of functional deficits. In response, skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) has emerged as a promising regenerative approach aimed at reconstructing muscle structure and restoring f